Across the world, freedom of speech is recognized as one of the most fundamental human rights. All major human rights treaties protect this freedom, and every democratic society is reliant on the ability of its citizens to speak freely. As a democratic country, Finland claims to protect free speech. But its prosecutor general has spent years doing the opposite.
Just ask Finnish Parliamentarian and Christian Päivi Räsänen.
In 2004, Päivi wrote a pamphlet expressing her beliefs on marriage and sexual ethics for her church. And in 2019, she spoke about these beliefs on a radio debate, and she also posted a tweet questioning her church’s official partnership with the LGBT event “Pride 2019,” along with a picture of Romans 1:24-27. For expressing her beliefs, Päivi was charged as a criminal under her country’s “War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity” law for “agitation against a minority group.”
And now, despite being cleared twice of all charges by lower courts, Finland’s Supreme Court sadly found Päivi guilty 3-2 for the 2004 pamphlet she published. The court unanimously upheld her acquittal for the tweet, and the charge stemming from the radio debate was already acquitted in lower courts.
While it is right and just that these two acquittals stand, the conviction for publishing a decades-old pamphlet marks a dark day for freedom of expression.
But this is not the end of the road. The fight to defend free speech in Europe and beyond continues, and this case underscores why it is more important than ever to stand firm against so-called “hate speech” laws.
Read on to learn more about Päivi’s story and what might be coming next.
Who is Dr. Päivi Räsänen?
Päivi is a medical doctor and elected official in Finland. She has served as a member of the Finnish Parliament since 1995, and she was the chair of the Christian Democratic Party from 2004-2015. In addition, Dr. Räsänen served as Minister of the Interior from 2011 to 2015.
Päivi has five children and 12 grandchildren, and her Christian faith is a large part of her life, including inspiring her to hold elected office in Finland.
Päivi explained what her Christian Democratic Party of Finland represents: “Important issues for our party are the well-being of families, pro-life values, a social market economy, taking care of the nature, promoting entrepreneurship and work. I want to build the society on the basis of lasting values, love for one’s neighbour, respect of human dignity, taking care of the poor, work, honesty and diligence.”
Päivi is also a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.
In 2019, she posted a tweet questioning her church’s official partnership with the LGBT event “Pride 2019,” including a picture of some Bible verses from the book of Romans.
But this simple expression of her beliefs soon triggered criminal charges.
Free speech in Päivi’s home country of Finland
Finland is generally considered one of the freest countries in the world. Section 12 of Finland’s Constitution guarantees the freedom of expression for “everyone,” which protects the rights of all people “to express, disseminate and receive information, opinions and other communications without prior prevention by anyone.”
In addition, Finland has signed the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Article 10 of the Convention states, “Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers.” These protections are supposed to ensure the right of everyone to express their beliefs freely.
The stated protections for free speech and other human rights have led Freedom House, an organization that measures political rights and civil liberties, to give Finland a perfect 100 out of 100 “freedom score” in 2022. The score suggests Finland is even freer than the United States, which Freedom House scored an 83 out of 100.
But despite these lofty promises and accolades, Finnish officials are blatantly attacking free speech.
And there is no clearer example of this fact than the actions taken by the country’s own prosecutor general against Päivi Räsänen.
What happened to Päivi?
As a result of her post questioning her church’s promotion of an LGBT event, Päivi was accused of “hate speech.” Even though the post remains published on X (then Twitter) because it did not violate the platform’s own “hate speech” rules, Finland’s prosecutor general pursued criminal charges against Päivi.
A few months after the tweet was posted, authorities opened an investigation into whether it constituted a crime under the country’s War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity law. Section 10 of the Criminal Code of Finland says a person can be charged with “agitation against a minority group” if they spread “an expression of opinion or another message where a certain group is threatened, defamed or insulted on the basis of its race, skin color, birth status, national or ethnic origin, religion or belief, sexual orientation or disability or a comparable basis.”
Päivi never disparaged anyone. She simply questioned whether her church’s embrace of an LGBT event was consistent with biblical teaching, which is her right. This free speech must be protected, and one would never expect this to be challenged in a country that prides itself on freedom.
Instead, the prosecutor general has relentlessly sought to punish Päivi for her beliefs.
Three days after authorities opened their initial investigation into the tweet, the prosecutor general requested investigations into a pamphlet Päivi had written in 2004 regarding her church’s teaching on human sexuality. This investigation also led to a criminal charge against the Rev. Dr. Juhana Pohjola, chairman of the International Lutheran Council, for publishing the pamphlet.
In April 2021, Finland’s prosecutor general brought three criminal charges against Päivi—one for the 2004 pamphlet, one for the 2019 tweet, and a third for engaging in a debate about human sexuality on a 2019 live radio debate.
“I cannot accept that voicing my religious beliefs could mean imprisonment,” Päivi said following the charges. “I do not consider myself guilty of threatening, slandering, or insulting anyone. My statements were all based on the Bible’s teachings on marriage and sexuality. I will defend my right to confess my faith, so that no one else would be deprived of their right to freedom of religion and speech.”
Initial victory for Päivi and free speech
ADF International coordinated the defense of both Päivi and Bishop Juhana at a district court in Helsinki.
In a unanimous ruling in March 2022, the court dismissed all charges against them. The court found in the ruling that it was “not for the district court to interpret biblical concepts,” and it ordered the prosecution to pay more than 60,000 Euros in legal costs.
But Finland’s prosecutor general did not allow the case to end there.
Since the district court unanimously ruled to dismiss all charges, it should have been clear that the prosecutor general had no real case against Päivi or Bishop Juhana. In addition, police strongly recommended against prosecution in the first place.
But instead of accepting the clear ruling, Finland’s prosecutor general decided to drag out criminal proceedings against Dr. Räsänen and Bishop Juhana even further.
The prosecutor general appealed the district court’s decision, and on Nov. 14, 2023, the Helsinki Court of Appeal issued its ruling in Päivi’s case.
Just like the district court, the court of appeal unanimously acquitted her and the bishop of all the criminal charges brought against them.
Sadly, even after two unanimous rulings, the prosecutor general has still refused to respect the free speech rights of Päivi and Bishop Juhana, and in January 2024 appealed to the Finnish Supreme Court. The case was heard on October 30, 2025.
Päivi gets a mixed ruling from Finland’s Supreme Court
Despite having been unanimously acquitted by two Finnish courts, Päivi had to stand trial a third time before Finland’s Supreme Court. The prosecutor general did not appeal the charge relating to the radio debate, so Päivi’s acquittal of that charge will stand. But in October 2025, the Finnish Supreme Court reviewed Päivi’s charges for her 2019 tweet and 2004 pamphlet, as well as the charge against Bishop Juhana for publishing the pamphlet.
Sadly, the Finnish Supreme Court issued a troubling mixed decision in March 2026. While Päivi was acquitted related to her tweet in 2019, both she and Bishop Pohjola were found guilty of charges related to the 2004 pamphlet. The Court found Päivi and the Bishop guilty for “making and keeping available to the public a text that insults a group.” The Court has imposed criminal fines of several thousand Euros and ruled that the statements the Court took issue with from the pamphlet be “removed from public access and destroyed.”
In response to the ruling, Päivi said, “I am shocked and profoundly disappointed that the court has failed to recognize my basic human right to freedom of expression. I stand by the teachings of my Christian faith, and will continue to defend my and every person’s right to share their convictions in the public square.”
Let that sink in. Päivi and Bishop Pohjola were found guilty of criminal charges for publishing a pamphlet over twenty years ago that merely expresses their Christian beliefs about sexuality. Why? Because it supposedly “insults a group.” When you can be criminally charged for “insults,” you know free speech is on thin ice.
Again, it can’t be understated that Päivi and Bishop Juhana were not disparaging or hateful towards people who identify as LGBT. Even the Finnish Supreme Court admitted that Päivi’s pamphlet “did not contain incitement to violence or comparable threat-like fomenting of hatred. The conduct is therefore not particularly serious in terms of the nature of the offense.”
The ruling sends a deeply troubling message: the peaceful expression of one’s opinions in the public square can result in a criminal conviction. Thankfully, this may not be the final word.
“I am taking legal advice on a possible appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. This is not about my free speech alone, but that of every person in Finland. A positive ruling would help to prevent other innocent people from experiencing the same ordeal for simply sharing their beliefs,” Päivi stated.
Päivi’s plight is a stark reminder of the importance of free speech
No matter what happens in Paivi’s case, this is notthe end of the road. The fight to defend free speech in Europe and beyond continues, and this case underscores why it is more important than ever to stand firm against so-called “hate speech” laws.
Free speech is an integral part of any democratic society. Everyone should be free to express their own beliefs without fear of government punishment or censorship.
More so, everyone should be free to express their beliefs without a years-long legal battle.
While Finland claims to protect free speech, it prosecuted—and found guilty—two of its citizens simply for sharing their beliefs.
These sorts of attacks on free speech cannot be allowed to stand. No one should have to spend years in court—and be convicted—for expressing their beliefs. If biblical truths can come under attack in Finland, they can come under attack anywhere in the West.
Päivi’s case is a stark reminder of the rising tide of censorship across the globe. That’s why we must continue defending and pursuing laws that explicitly protect free speech around the world.
Learn more about Päivi’s case at ADF International.
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